Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Adolescents

What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, stemming from a deficiency in dopamine levels and weaker brain metabolism in regions that control attention and social judgment. A prevalent issue in childhood and a behavioral disorder, ADHD is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It can adversely affect an individual's daily life, academic performance, social relationships, and overall quality of life. While ADHD can persist into adulthood, symptoms typically manifest during childhood.

Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The primary symptoms of ADHD can be categorized into three groups:

• Inattention: Difficulties in sustaining attention, focusing on details, completing tasks, and organizational skills. Individuals with ADHD often get easily distracted, may be forgetful, and struggle to complete assignments.
• Hyperactivity: Noticeable signs of excessive movement, unstoppable talking, restlessness, and constantly fidgeting with objects.
• Impulsivity: Challenges in impulse control, such as acting without thinking, difficulty waiting in line, and struggling to adhere to social rules.

Causes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The exact causes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are not fully understood, but it is believed to result from the interaction of various factors, including genetic, neurobiological, environmental, and developmental elements.

• Genetic Factors: Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the development of ADHD. Individuals with a family history of ADHD are at a higher risk of having the disorder, and various genes have been associated with its occurrence.
• Neurobiological Factors: Research indicates differences in brain structures and functionality, particularly in neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, in individuals with ADHD.
• Prenatal and Perinatal Factors: Prenatal exposure to substances such as tobacco, alcohol, or drugs, along with factors like premature birth and low birth weight, can increase the risk of ADHD. Stress and trauma during the prenatal period also contribute.
• Environmental Factors: Stressors in the child's environment, low socioeconomic status, family conflicts, and parenting styles can influence the risk of ADHD. Early childhood traumas and challenging living conditions can contribute to the onset of ADHD.
• Developmental Factors: Disruptions or delays in brain development can lead to ADHD. Problems in the formation and functionality of brain structures can impact the development of skills such as attention and impulse control.

ADHD typically arises from the interplay of multiple factors, and the causes may vary for each individual. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach to evaluating and treating ADHD is crucial.

Key Points for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

• Education and information about ADHD assist individuals and families in better understanding the disorder. Understanding the treatment process is crucial for collaboration and engagement.
• Providing education on learning strategies and organizational skills, along with offering support services in school or at home, is essential.
• Family members can seek support in coping with ADHD. Family therapy can enhance communication skills, reduce family stress, and better respond to the child's needs.
• Teachers play a crucial role in providing appropriate support for students with ADHD within the classroom.
• Individual therapy focuses on improving emotional and social skills, boosting self-esteem, enhancing stress coping mechanisms, and developing impulse control.
• The treatment process should be tailored to the individual's specific needs and symptoms, with continuous assessment and adjustments. Collaboration and support from family and teachers are vital for successful coping. Early diagnosis and effective management contribute to healthier and more successful lives for individuals with ADHD.

Psychologist Berfin Çağlı